Selective attention theory stroop effect. What the Stroop Effect Reveals About Our Minds 2022-10-20

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Selective attention is a psychological concept that refers to the ability to focus on a particular stimulus or task while ignoring others. The Stroop effect is a classic example of selective attention in action, and it demonstrates how the brain has difficulty processing conflicting information.

The Stroop effect was first described by John Ridley Stroop in 1935. In the original experiment, Stroop presented participants with a list of words that were printed in different colors. Some of the words matched the color they were printed in (e.g., the word "red" was printed in red), while others did not (e.g., the word "red" was printed in blue). Participants were asked to name the color of the ink for each word, rather than read the word itself.

The results of the experiment showed that it took participants longer to name the color of the ink when the word and the ink color were mismatched, compared to when they were matched. This phenomenon is known as the Stroop effect.

One explanation for the Stroop effect is that it demonstrates the automaticity of reading. When we see a word, our brains automatically process the meaning of the word and ignore the color it is printed in. However, when we are asked to name the color of the ink, this automatic process is disrupted, and we have to consciously override it in order to complete the task.

The Stroop effect has been used to study a variety of psychological phenomena, including attention, interference, and executive function. It has also been used in clinical settings to assess brain function in individuals with brain injuries or neurological disorders, such as stroke or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Overall, the Stroop effect is a classic example of selective attention in action, and it demonstrates how the brain has difficulty processing conflicting information. It has important implications for our understanding of attention and cognitive processing, and it has practical applications in a variety of fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and medicine.

Stroop Effect

selective attention theory stroop effect

Psychological bulletin, 109 2 , 163. The incongruency occurred when fewer dots were shown on the screen for longer, and a congruent series was marked by a series with more dots that lasted longer. This is similar to the Stroop effect in which we see a more automatic process trying to dominate over a more deliberative one. Comparing digits in incongruent trials e. The making of the mind: the neuroscience of human nature.

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What the Stroop Effect Reveals About Our Minds

selective attention theory stroop effect

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 63 1 , 42-49. That is, the meaning of the word and the color in which it is written do not align. InCongress of the International Ergonomics Association 2018 Aug 26 pp. The development of mental processing: Efficiency, working memory, and thinking. Method In order to empirically study these two major aims, Stroop ran three different experiments: 1 Experiment 1: Participants 70 college undergraduates were tasked with reading the word aloud, irrespective of its color. Sahinoglu B, Dogan G.

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Stroop effect

selective attention theory stroop effect

In truth, it illustrates a lot about the way we process information and helps us assess our ability to override our instinctual fast thinking. Both MRI and fMRI scans show activity in the ACC and DLPFC while completing the Stroop test or related tasks Milham et al. The delay in reaction time reveals that it is much harder to name the color of a word when the word itself spells another color the incongruent stimuli than it is to name the color of the word when the word itself spells that same color the congruent stimuli. Neuropsychology, 21 2 , 251. Moreover, the posterior dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is responsible for what decision is made i. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.

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selective attention theory stroop effect

In the first experiment, words and conflict-words were used see first figure. Participants were shown two series of dots in succession and asked either 1 which series contained more dots or 2 which series lasted longer from the appearance of the first to the last dots of the series. What was once a test that only examined the relationship between word and color processing has since been expanded to investigate additional processing interferences and to contribute to the fields of psychopathology and brain damage. Purves, Dale, 1938- Seconded. Countless studies that repeatedly test the Stroop effect reveal a few key recurring findings van Maanen et al.

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selective attention theory stroop effect

The architecture and dynamics of developing mind: Experien¬tial structuralism as a frame for unifying cognitive developmental theories. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. The interference occurs when we try to use System 2 to override System 1, thus producing that delay in reaction time. A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. It has been sometimes called Stroop asynchrony, and has been explained by a reduced automatization when naming colors compared to reading words.


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selective attention theory stroop effect

The Journal of the American Medical Association. The Journal of General Psychology. Participants are tasked with naming the color of the word, not the word itself, as fast as they can. Retrieved November 11, 2013. Stroop Color and Word Test: A Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses.

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selective attention theory stroop effect

Much like the Stroop task, the printed word's color is different from the ink color of the word; however, the words are printed in such a way that it is more difficult to read typically curved-shaped. Selective attention theory: Selective attention theory : The theory of Because of this, the brain needs to use more attention when attempting to name a color, making this process take slightly longer McMahon, 2013. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. Emotion, 6 1 , 62. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. Thus, there is a difference between the processing of numerosity and duration. Speed of processing theory: Speed of processing theory: The processing speed theory claims that people can read words much faster than they can name colors i.

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selective attention theory stroop effect

Psychological review, 97 3 , 332. Other Uses and Versions Other Uses and Versions The purpose of the Stroop task is to measure interference that occurs in the brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. This is based on the underlying notion that both relevant and irrelevant information are processed in parallel, but "race" to enter the single central processor during response selection. Psychologists continue to research the Stroop effect to find the underlying cause for the phenomenon, although many factors have been identified that affect results. Conguent word name and font color are the same Inconguent word name and font color are different The dependent variable DV was reaction time ms in reporting the letter color.

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