Recession is defined as a significant decline in economic activity lasting longer than a few months, characterized by falling GDP, high unemployment, and declining business profits. In Nigeria, there are several causes that have contributed to the country's economic recession.
One major cause of recession in Nigeria is the reliance on oil exports as the main source of government revenue and foreign exchange. Oil accounts for more than 90% of Nigeria's export earnings and over 70% of government revenue. However, the global demand for oil has fluctuated significantly over the years, and this has had a direct impact on Nigeria's economy. The sharp decline in oil prices in 2014 and 2015, for example, resulted in a significant decrease in government revenue and foreign exchange, leading to an economic recession.
Another major cause of recession in Nigeria is the lack of diversification in the country's economy. The country's economy is heavily reliant on the oil and gas sector, with little contribution from other sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services. This lack of diversification makes the country vulnerable to external economic shocks, such as fluctuations in oil prices, which can have a negative impact on the overall economy.
Inflation is also a major cause of recession in Nigeria. Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Central banks attempt to limit inflation, and avoid deflation, in order to keep the economy running smoothly. High inflation can lead to an economic recession as it discourages investment and consumption, leading to a decline in economic activity.
Political instability and corruption are also major causes of recession in Nigeria. Political instability can lead to a lack of investor confidence, as investors may be hesitant to invest in an uncertain political environment. Corruption, on the other hand, can lead to a misallocation of resources and a lack of transparency, which can have a negative impact on the economy.
In conclusion, there are several causes of recession in Nigeria, including the reliance on oil exports, lack of diversification in the economy, high inflation, political instability, and corruption. To address these issues, the Nigerian government needs to implement economic policies that promote diversification, reduce inflation, and improve transparency and accountability.