Growth of communalism. Growth of Communalism 2022-10-20
Growth of communalism
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Holes is a young adult novel written by Louis Sachar and published in 1998. It tells the story of Stanley Yelnats, a teenage boy who is falsely accused of stealing and sentenced to serve time at Camp Green Lake, a juvenile detention center in Texas. At the camp, Stanley and the other boys are required to dig a hole five feet wide and five feet deep every day as punishment and rehabilitation.
As Stanley begins his sentence, he quickly realizes that Camp Green Lake is unlike any other detention center he has ever heard of. The camp is located in a dry, desolate area with no lake, no trees, and no shade. The boys are given only one pair of shoes, one pair of socks, and one set of clothes, and they are not allowed to speak to each other or ask questions. The warden, Mr. Sir, and the counselor, Mr. Pendanski, are both cruel and abusive, and the boys are constantly hungry and thirsty.
Despite these difficult conditions, Stanley is determined to survive his sentence and return home to his family. As he digs his daily hole, he begins to uncover clues about the history of Camp Green Lake and the reason why the boys are required to dig. He learns that the camp was once a thriving community with a beautiful lake, but that the lake dried up and the town died when a group of criminals stole a valuable object from a wealthy man named Sam the Onion Man.
As Stanley and the other boys continue to dig, they uncover more and more clues about the past, including old coins, bones, and even a stolen bicycle. They also discover that the warden and Mr. Sir are searching for something specific, and that they will stop at nothing to find it.
As Stanley and his fellow prisoners work to solve the mystery of Camp Green Lake, they also learn about friendship, perseverance, and the importance of standing up for what is right. They come to understand that, despite the hardships they face, they have the strength and determination to overcome any challenge.
In the end, Stanley and his friends are able to solve the mystery and bring the perpetrators of the crime to justice. They also discover that the warden has been using the boys to dig for the valuable object, and they use this information to blackmail her into releasing them from the camp.
Holes is a beautifully written, poignant, and thought-provoking novel that deals with themes of justice, friendship, and the human spirit. It is a heartwarming and uplifting story that will leave readers feeling inspired and hopeful.
The Rise and Growth of Communalism
But political analysts opined differently to the issue of Bengal partition. In spite of these assurances, the BJP—VHP volunteers set out to demolish the mosque with hammer blows, while BJP leaders looked on. The demand for separate electorate and the organization of Muslim league were the practical indicators of this belief. In fact, in the early decades, only about 8-9% of the members of the Indian National Congress were Muslims. The spirit of nationalism became threatened in the wake of communalism. Communalists are also, therefore, primarily interested in spreading the communal belief system and not necessarily communal violence.
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IGNOU HISTORY NOTES : Modern India
The Divide and Rule policy under the rule of British bore special responsibility for the growth of communalism in modern India. Far-sighted Indians diagnosed the disease and worked for an economic and political system in which the country would develop economically and in which, therefore, employment would be plentiful. For example, Rajiv Gandhi did so by reversing the Supreme Court judgement in the Shah Bano case, through a constitutional amendment, and by opening the gates of the disputed Ayodhya mosque-temple in 1986. For example, the attack on Kashmiri Pandits in the year 1989 and the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in 1992 were some of the most violent events of social Communalism in Indian history. They tried to utilize the caste structure to turn the non-Brahmins against Brahmins and the lower castes against the higher castes. For instance, the divide between the rich and poor has created wealth gaps in societies.
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Growth of Communalism
The motive behind this proposal was to counter Congress influences, to protect Muslim interests and to support the British administration. The communalist could impose his interpretation of reality on middle class individuals because it did have a basis, however partial, perverted and short-term, in the social existence and social experience of the middle classes. People started using this technique of communalism to achieve their individualistic goals. These different communities are alleged to have their own leaders. The secular and nationalist-minded persons, parties and groups now suddenly woke up to the enormity of the problem.
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Rise And Growth Of Communalism
Instead, they argued that Hindus should placate the foreign government in their fight against Muslims. Sayyid Ahmad Khan and others raised the demand for special treatment for the Muslims in the matter of government service. Though communal violence draws our attention to the communal situation in a dramatic manner, it is not the crux of the problem. Nehru reacted by immediately forming the National Integration Council. Negative Impact of Mass Media also create communal tension.
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Rise And Growth Of Communalism
In all more than 3,000 people were killed in the riots all over India. It participated in coalition ministries in several North Indian states and began to attract considerable support in the rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. There is, for example, so far no evidence that the capitalist class in India backs communalism. All over India, anti- cow slaughter propaganda was undertaken in the early 1890s. The British took advantage of the disputes and misunderstandings between these two religious groups by strategizing one against the other and by favoring the seemingly more peaceful Hindus and Sikhs over the Muslims and enforcing their belief systems upon each religion. Divide and Rule Policy of British The British fuelled communal sentiments and divided the Indian society for their political gains.
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Causes for Growth of Communalism in India
The colonial state chose the latter course. However, communalism and communal violence began to once again increase from 1978 and has become endemic since then, assuming alarming proportions. Though, overall, there are greater economic opportunities available for the people, there is far greater inequality than before in regard to access to them. Lal Chand spared no efforts to condemn the Indian National Congress of pursuing a policy of appeasement towards Muslims. Those who talk of being national, regional, or class leaders are merely masquerading; beneath the mask they are only leaders of their own communities. Here are some of the steps taken by the Indian government to eliminate communal violence in India. Communalism became active in the 1960s, gaining in strength as seen in the rising communalization of Indian society.
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Communalism
In some instances, the conversions are carried out in a forcible manner and sometimes by means of temptations also. Lastly, the colonial government encouraged communalism through a policy of non-action against it. A number of communal violence broke out in eastern Bengal in the period following the Swadeshi movement. It was also at this stage that both the Muslim and Hindu communalists put forward the theory that Muslims and Hindus constituted separate nations whose mutual antagonism was permanent and irresolvable. A number of communal violence broke out in eastern Bengal in the period following the Swadeshi movement. It may be emphasised that the financial condition of the Hindu and the Muslim and other communities and their different development also contributes to the development of communalism. Unfortunately, the presence of communal ideology as a prelude or prologue to communal violence is generally ignored; awareness of communalism registers only when violence breaks out.
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Muslim League & Growth of Communalism
The British administration publicized the claim that they needed to partition the Bengal presidency due to ruling over its huge area smoothly. Religion was not an underlying or basic cause of communalism, whose removal was basic to tackling or solving the communal problem. It was being portrayed as a problem of the defense of minorities by the British. Its first element or stage fed liberal and extreme communalism and made it difficult to carry on a struggle against them. Socio-economic Reasons Though, in the country, the socio-economic conditions of people have largely improved after 1991 economic reforms, there are still many challenges that remain unaddressed, which of late has become a threat for the diversity of Indian society.
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The Growth of Communalism in India
The communal problem did not, however, lie merely in the economic realm. A mosque was built by a governor of Babur at Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh in the early sixteenth century. What was much worse, Bankim Chandra Chatterjea and many other writers in Bengali, Hindi, Urdu and other languages often referred to Muslims as foreigners in their novels, plays, poems, and stories, and tended to identify nationalism with Hindus. It is interesting that when, during the Emergency from 1975 to 1977, all the major leaders and most of the activists of the RSS, Jan Sangh and Jamaat-i-Islami were arrested, communal violence, as well as the level of communal propaganda, came down drastically, for few were left to organize riots or to promote communal hatred. They started refusing to learn English and to associate with the British. Muslim and Hindu communities in India turned foes of one another and they were no more united, rather they were counting their communal interests, leaving the nationalist interests. They tried to abandon elements of a composite culture.
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Origin and Growth of Communalism in British India
The result was that a large number of educated Muslims either remained aloof from the rising nationalist movement or became hostile to it, thus falling an easy prey to a separatist outlook. It is the belief that in India religious groups like Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Christians form different and distinct communities; that all the followers of a religion share not only a commonality of religious interests but also common secular interests; that there is, and can be, no such thing as an Indian nation, but only a Hindu nation, or a Muslim nation and so on; that India can, therefore, only be a mere confederation of religious communities. The messages related to communal tension or riot in any part of the country spread through the mass media. Thus, at this stage, the communalists assert that Hindus and Muslims cannot have common secular interests, and that their secular interests are bound to be opposed. For instance, Bal Gangadha Tilak used the Ganesh pooja and Shivaji Mahaotsav to propagate nationalism. The transformation in the ideologies was a gradual and difficult process.
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