Alfred draper amritsar. The Amritsar massacre (1985 edition) 2022-10-21
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Alfred Draper Amritsar was a British military officer who played a significant role in the tragic events that took place at the Amritsar Massacre in 1919. The massacre, also known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, occurred in the city of Amritsar in the Punjab region of India, which was then a British colony.
On April 13, 1919, a large crowd of unarmed Indian protestors had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden in Amritsar, to peacefully protest the arrest and detention of two Indian nationalist leaders, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew. The British authorities, fearing that the protest could turn violent, ordered Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, who was in charge of the British military in Amritsar, to take action to disperse the crowd.
Dyer, accompanied by his aide, Captain Alfred Draper Amritsar, decided to use force to disperse the crowd. He ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed protesters, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of people, including women and children. The official death toll of the massacre was 379, but it is believed that the actual number of fatalities was much higher.
The Amritsar Massacre sparked outrage and condemnation from around the world, and was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement. It was seen as a brutal and unnecessary use of force by the British authorities, and it further fueled the growing discontent and resentment among the Indian population towards British rule.
Alfred Draper Amritsar, as an aide to Brigadier-General Dyer, played a key role in the planning and execution of the Amritsar Massacre. He was present at the scene of the massacre and likely participated in the decision to use force against the unarmed protesters.
In the aftermath of the massacre, Alfred Draper Amritsar faced criticism and backlash for his role in the events. He was eventually forced to resign from the military and retreated from public life. The Amritsar Massacre remains a controversial and deeply tragic event in the history of India and the British Empire, and Alfred Draper Amritsar will always be remembered as a controversial figure associated with this tragic chapter in history.
Amritsar: The Massacre that Ended the Raj
ALL ITEMS ARE DISPATCHED FROM THE UK WITHIN 24 HOURS BOOKS ORDERED OVER THE WEEKEND DISPATCHED ON MONDAY ALL OVERSEAS ORDERS SENT BY AIR MAIL. In a recent study of everyday violence in British India, Elizabeth Kolsky has argued that the history of violence in British India cannot be understood by traversing from one cataclysmic event to the next, from the Battle of Plassey to the Uprising of 1857 to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, as the micro-moments betwixt and between these macro-events are where the violence central to the workings of empire can be found. Black remainder slash mark on the bottom edge otherwise pages are unmarked and firm in binding. WE ALSO ACCEPT PAYMENT IN US DOLLARS OR EURO BY BANK TRANSFER. While he enjoyed the tacit support of the government of Punjab, the governor-general of India, the earl of Mayo, did not condone the circumstances surrounding the executions, and within a week of the incident Cowan was suspended pending further inquiries. Like Sharpeville and Bloody Sunday, the event has become a byword for colonial violence, usually encapsulated by formulaic reference to the 379 civilians killed and more than twelve hundred wounded by the 1,650 bullets fired by the colonial troops over the duration of ten minutes.
From Illustrated London News, 3 Oct. Book store stamp and old price to ffep, felt pen mark to top edge, otherwise unmarked. Yet we cannot locate the causes of violence simply in the circumstances of its enactment, and merely describing the sequence of events leaves the erroneous impression that the Amritsar massacre was simply a response to the threat posed by Gandhi and the Indian nationalist movement. Unclipped dustjacket show some edge wear and tiny edge tears, but is otherwise bright and clean. As a political ritual, the mass executions were accordingly both performative and constitutive of colonial power. Kostal, A Jurisprudence of Power: Victorian Empire and the Rule of Law Oxford, 2008 ; Martin J. Dispatched, from the UK, within 48 hours of ordering.
From a print after the painting An Execution in British India by Vasily Vereshchagin. Dyer emphatically did not act alone, and he was not even the most extreme among the British officials at Amritsar; compared to the proposed aerial bombardment of the city, including the Golden Temple, his actions at Jallianwala Bagh seem positively restrained. In the absence of a shared cultural framework, or a legitimate claim to power, the British could never be certain that the ritual of public executions was intelligible to their Indian subjects. The challenge to British rule in India had thus changed dramatically during this period; the manner in which colonial officers such as Dyer responded to perceived threat, however, had not. Their very own accounts, however, insisting on the public approval of colonial authority, could not hide their unease about a public ritual the symbolism of which was increasingly slipping out of their control. Whilst hanging in his agony under the gun, a sergeant applied a pistol to his head, and three times the cap snapped, the man each time wincing from the expected shot.
Rather than being the beginning of the end, as it were, the violence of the Amritsar Massacre might better be understood as the final stage of a much longer process. An account of the 1919 massacre at Amritsar, India, that was the beginning of the end for the British Raj. This was not, it might be added, simply a military action in support of the civil authorities to disperse a riot, but a massacre intended as punishment. On 17 and 18 January 1872 a total of sixty-eight Kukas were thus blown from guns at Malerkotla. The board's spine is a little edge worn.
childhealthpolicy.vumc.org: Alfred Draper: books, biography, latest update
The official condemnation of Cowan and Dyer, therefore, ought not to be mistaken for an outright disavowal of colonial violence as such, but rather as an attempt to maintain the conceit of rule of law. They were evidently startled at the swift retribution which had overtaken their guilty comrades, but looked more crest-fallen than shocked or horrified, and we soon learnt that their determination to mutiny, and make the best of their way to Delhi, was in nowise changed by the scene they had witnessed. Dispatched, from the UK, within 48 hours of ordering. Violence thus became increasingly difficult to legitimize, yet remained an intrinsic aspect of the colonial order, whether it was in the form of everyday beatings and whippings of servants and workers, the sustained use of force during wars of pacification and punitive expeditions, or later the brutal and drawn-out conflicts of decolonization. Accordingly, these rituals became occasions for the British to reinforce racialized hierarchy as both native regiments and locals were forcibly gathered to witness the spectacle, invariably and demonstratively covered by the loaded guns of European troops prepared to put into action the symbolic message of the executions. There are no communication problems. The disturbances of 10 April 1919, when official buildings were burned and British civilians were attacked and killed by Indian crowds, closely replicated the pattern of anti-colonial violence that constituted such a crucial element in the colonial memories of 1857.
‘Calculated to Strike Terror’: The Amritsar Massacre and the Spectacle of Colonial Violence*
Under colonial rule, the local population never enjoyed the status of subjects and could instead be treated collectively as potential enemies during disturbances. There are no inscriptions, and the pages within are tightly bound. Our object is to make an example to terrify others. Sudden small body of troops, led by Brigadier-General Dyer marches into the Bagh and, at a word of command, opens fire upon the packed mass. Lahore, 1920 , i. The Europeans were scarcely one to a thousand — in fact, they could hardly be seen amongst the myriads of Asiatics; but all appeared as cool and confident as if they had been at a review in Hyde Park. You can change your cookie settings at any time.
Dona Geyer Philadelphia, 2013 ; and, as suggested by the title, Maurus Reinkowski and Gregor Thum eds. Some moderate creases and wear. This book is in good condition but will show signs of previous ownership. Most items will be dispatched the same or the next working day. If the forces being mobilized against the British at Amritsar seemed to be hidden, the seriousness of the situation was certainly not.
Europeans first encountered this technique during the mid 1700s, and it soon became the favoured means by which to quell mutinies among the native troops of the East India Company. During moments of crisis, such uncertainty in the very performance of power and authority was little short of disastrous. It is noteworthy, however, that even during the conflict in Ireland, there was still nothing comparable to the racialized forms of punishment meted out to Indians in Punjab in 1919: see D. The main concern of the British was to prevent the spread of rebellion, and it was in that context that the first mass execution of forty sepoys by cannon had been ordered in Peshawar on 13 June 1857 see You must know that this is nearly the only form in which death has any terrors for a native … he knows that his body will be blown into a thousand pieces, and that it will be altogether impossible for his relatives, however devoted to him, to be sure of picking up all the fragments of his own particular body; and the thought that perhaps a limb of some one of a different religion to himself might possibly be burned or buried with the remainder of his own body, is agony to him. There is minor foxing within. As regiment after regiment broke out in mutiny across northern India during the summer of 1857, soon coalescing into popular risings that threatened to upend British rule, the colonial state thus unleashed its entire arsenal of exemplary violence.
Amritsar, the massacre that ended the Raj (1981 edition)
The formal execution of Kukas in 1872 and the improvised massacre of Indian civilians in 1919 obviously constituted distinct modes of colonial violence, the historical context and contingencies of which were, moreover, radically different. Black remainder slash mark on the bottom edge otherwise pages are unmarked and firm in binding. The focus on large-scale violence in the colonial sphere is thus not simply a matter of studying the highlights in the grand narrative of imperialism and anti-colonial struggles, as Jonathan Saha has recently suggested. In January 1872, Deputy Commissioner J. Actual book for sale pictured. It is noticeable that sites of colonial violence have become central to anti-colonial narratives and today function as the locus of post-colonial pilgrimage, where former revolutionaries and apologetic Western leaders alike pay obeisance.
It was this implicit admission of colonial failure, however brief, that caused such embarrassment and outcry as the pretences of the civilizing mission were momentarily cast aside and the brute power of the colonial project was revealed in all its bloody glory. I was going to punish them. I think this object would be effectually gained by destroying from a quarter to a third of them. In India the continuation of repressive wartime measures, coercive recruitment practices and economic hardship caused widespread disillusionment among the population in Punjab, many of whom had initially supported the British war effort. Tight, square binding, no wear to cloth. The board's spine is a little edge worn. In the language of violence, conquerors can express themselves directly and may also know that they have been understood.
