Hindu personal law in india. CUSTOMS AND HINDU PERSONAL LAW 2022-10-30
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Hindu personal law, also known as Hindu law, is the legal system that governs Hindus in India. It is a complex and diverse system that is based on ancient scriptures and texts, as well as modern legislation. Hindu personal law covers a wide range of topics, including marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, and religious practices.
In India, personal law is based on religion and is therefore distinct from the secular legal system that applies to all citizens. Hindu personal law is applicable to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs, and it is administered by special courts known as Hindu law courts.
One of the main features of Hindu personal law is its recognition of the concept of caste. Caste is a social hierarchy that divides Hindus into different groups based on their profession and status. Hindu personal law gives certain privileges and obligations to people based on their caste, and this has been a source of controversy and criticism in modern times.
Another significant aspect of Hindu personal law is its treatment of women. In the past, Hindu personal law was criticized for its discriminatory practices towards women, such as the practice of dowry, which required the bride's family to provide a dowry to the groom's family at the time of marriage. However, various reforms have been implemented over the years to address these issues and improve the rights of women under Hindu personal law.
Marriage is an important aspect of Hindu personal law, and there are several types of marriages recognized under Hindu law, including monogamous, polygamous, and child marriages. Hindu personal law also recognizes the concept of divorce, which can be granted on grounds such as cruelty, desertion, and adultery.
Inheritance is another important aspect of Hindu personal law, and it is governed by the Hindu Succession Act of 1956. Under this act, property can be inherited by both male and female heirs, although there are certain rules and limitations that apply.
Overall, Hindu personal law is a complex and diverse system that plays a significant role in the lives of Hindus in India. While it has undergone various reforms over the years, it continues to be a source of debate and controversy, with some calling for further reforms to address issues such as gender inequality and the caste system.
What are the Hindu Personal Laws and Muslim Personal Laws
They cannot be abusive or personal. Volume 1: The pre-modern texts. In some states like Haryana, Hindus believes in Khap Panchayat which is an assembly of village elders pronouncing punishment even in criminal matters. In simple parlance, judicial decisions are a source of law and they have binding force.  The evolution of personal laws in India We ought to not be guided by Hindu law, which may be a new introduction of our own.
Personal Law: Definition, Personal Law of Hindu, Muslim,and Christians
For example, Manusmriti deals with religion, administration, economics, civil and criminal law, marriage, succession, etc. Will Hindus lift ban on communal cow slaughter law if Uniform Civil Code is implemented? Section 2 h of Indian Succession Act, 1925 provides that Will means the legal declaration of the intention of a person with respect to his property, which he desires to take effect after his death. There were established codes but there were no authoritative judicial precedents. The materials on this website are neither intended to be nor should they be interpreted as, legal advice or opinion. Retrieved 12 November 2021. Truly that Dharma is the Truth Satya ; Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks the Dharma"; and if he speaks Dharma, they say, "He speaks the Truth! It is just when the legatee has no beneficiaries, then the inheritance lapses.
Looking at the contexts and the religious references Dharma has different meanings just like, the Buddhists believe that the word Dharma means only a universal law which is very much essential and the Jains and the Sikhs believe that it is only a religious path for the victory of the truth. Uniformity is not necessarily a promise for gender justice. As far as Muslims are concerned, the Muslim Personal Law Shariat Application Act of 1937 has not been extended to Goa. But, interest in that property and Hindu women Estate are in limited interest. The Hindu laws not only govern Hindus but also Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs, Virashaiva, Lingayat or a follower of Brahmo, Prarthana or Arya Samaj. In ancient texts of Hinduism, the concept of dharma incorporates the principles of law, order, harmony, and truth.
Hindu Law Past and Present. Wives are still not coparceners. Every week: 13 Dalits are murdered, 5 Dalits home or possessions are burnt, 6 Dalits are kidnapped or abducted. CONCLUSION Hindu Law is a personal law of members of the Hindu religion. While the Territorial Law makes general provisions for India, personal law, on the other hand, applies to persons who are members of a particular religion. Â DIVORCE UNDER THE HINDU LAW: Divorce under the Hindu Law is done under the Hindu Marriage Act. Zaidi New Delhi, 1972 , 190—1.
The politicization of the personal laws reached its apogee in the years after Independence, as Hindu personal law came to be entangled in issues of community, identity, and politics. SUCCESSION The Muslim law is governed by its own law known as the Shariyat. Who can adopt a child? Please abide by our We have migrated to a new commenting platform. The Hindu law has various acts and provisions that govern it in matters like Divorce, Marriage, Adoption, Succession, Property, Minority, Rights of the son, Pious obligation etc. Opponents tried to undercut the perceived support by arguing that lawyers had become westernized or that the merits of the bill were for the people to decide, not lawyers.
They have their own form of personal law which is not discussed by any media. These factors are marriage, blood, and affinity. And the Sadhus practicing cannibalism. Allahabad: Allahabad Law Agency, 1995. Or also, the illegitimate child of a Hindu father and a Mohammedan mother, because these children are not Hindus either by birth or by religion. Also, Section 6-17 of the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 talk about who can adopt, what are the essentials for a valid adoption, conditions for a male and female to adopt, who can be adopted, what are the rights and relationship in the eyes of the law between the parents and the adopted child etc.
According to Hindu Jurisprudence, the Veda, Smriti, and approved usage, as sources of Hindu Law are derived from matters which are agreeable to good conscience. Berkeley: University of California, 75—94. It is to be noted, in any case, that where there are successive bequests of the correct third to two different people, the later inheritance prevails. The Main sources of the Hindu law are the customs and legislation, from where the law has been derived. Enactments through which Hindu Law is applied Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 came into force to secure the rights of marriage for the wife and husband who are Hindu and they are bound under the religious bond of marriage under any ceremony. Indologica Taurinensia 33: 93—122.
These can be the custom or the legislation that has been followed for a long period of time and these are the laws from where these religions have also derived their grundnorm Basis and the law on these have developed and evolved. A testator may, Â whenever he feels like, revoke his will explicitly or implicitly. Once the concepts of justice and freedom are incorporated into the field of human law, the Uniform Civil Code will be easier to follow. Being a highly religious concept in nature, Dharma is multi-faceted. In personal cases, courts are required to work with the personal laws when the issue is not being covered by any statutory law. The Indian Journal of Political Science. Proviso Clause — If an individual wants to adopt a child he can do so under the guardianship and wards act of 1890, with the orders of the court.
In any case, the marriage of the testator after the making of the will does not revoke the will. In the face of such vocal opposition, Nehru had to justify the passage of the Hindu code bills. It was widely criticised by proponents of a uniform code because it contained no mechanism and provided no timetable for enforcement. The Constitution protects the local customs of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram. Imagine what would be the outcome of such a move? So there are various chapters in the act that talk about the various ways of divorce while under the Hindu Marriage Act section 11-18 Â talks about nullity of marriage. Â The constitutional validity of personal laws: judicial review In the context of personal laws, the doctrine of the reviewing was always surrounded by the constitutional objectives i.
