Allusions in Of Mice and Men
John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men is a poignant tale of two displaced migrant workers, George and Lennie, who dream of one day owning their own piece of land. Despite their desire for a better life, the pair's circumstances and their own personal flaws ultimately lead to tragedy. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck uses allusions to literature, history, and myth to enrich the themes and characters in the story.
One of the most prominent allusions in Of Mice and Men is the title itself, which is taken from a line in the Robert Burns poem "To a Mouse." The full line reads, "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men / Gang aft agley" and means that the best-laid plans of mice and men often go awry. This allusion ties in with the theme of the futility of dreaming and planning for a better future, as George and Lennie's dream of owning a farm is ultimately shattered by the harsh realities of the world. The allusion also serves to emphasize the vulnerability and insignificance of the characters in the face of larger forces, much like how the mouse in the poem is at the mercy of the plow.
Another allusion in the novel is the reference to the "Hooverville" shantytown where George and Lennie first seek work. This refers to the shantytowns that sprang up during the Great Depression, named after President Herbert Hoover who was widely blamed for the economic downturn. The allusion serves to situate the novel in a specific time and place and to highlight the struggles of the working class during the Depression. It also adds to the theme of social inequality, as the Hooverville is depicted as a place of poverty and desperation, in contrast to the wealthy ranch where George and Lennie eventually find work.
In addition to literature and history, Steinbeck also uses allusions to myth in the novel. One example is Candy's old dog, which is described as having a "great, gloomy face" and being "long past all hope." This allusion to the myth of the "Three-headed Dog," or Cerberus, who guarded the underworld in Greek mythology, adds to the theme of death and loss in the novel. Candy's old dog is a symbol of the characters' own mortality and the impermanence of life, as it is eventually shot and killed as a mercy.
Overall, the allusions in Of Mice and Men serve to deepen the themes and characters in the novel, and to add historical and mythic context to the story. Whether it is the futility of dreaming in the face of a cruel world, the struggles of the working class during the Great Depression, or the impermanence of life, the allusions help to enrich the novel and give it a universal and timeless quality.