Reflex reinforcement. Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers & Reinforcement 2022-10-07

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Reflex reinforcement is a concept in psychology that refers to the strengthening of a behavior or response through repetition and reinforcement. This process occurs when a particular behavior is consistently followed by a reinforcing consequence, such as a reward or positive outcome. As a result, the behavior becomes more likely to occur in the future.

Reflex reinforcement can be seen in a variety of different settings, including education, parenting, and therapy. For example, a teacher might use reflex reinforcement in the classroom by consistently rewarding students for correct answers or good behavior. This reinforces the desired behavior, making it more likely that the students will continue to exhibit that behavior in the future.

Similarly, parents can use reflex reinforcement to encourage desirable behaviors in their children. For example, a parent might offer a child a small reward each time they complete their homework on time. Over time, this reinforcement will strengthen the child's desire to complete their homework, making it more likely that they will continue to do so in the future.

Reflex reinforcement can also be an effective tool in therapy, particularly in the treatment of addiction and other behavioral disorders. By reinforcing positive behaviors and rewarding the individual for their progress, therapists can help their clients develop new, healthier patterns of behavior.

While reflex reinforcement can be an effective way to strengthen desired behaviors, it is important to be mindful of the type of reinforcement being used. Positive reinforcement, which involves providing a reward or positive outcome following a desired behavior, is generally more effective than negative reinforcement, which involves removing an unpleasant stimulus following a desired behavior.

In conclusion, reflex reinforcement is a powerful tool for strengthening desired behaviors through repetition and reinforcement. By consistently reinforcing a particular behavior, individuals can develop new, positive patterns of behavior that are more likely to occur in the future.

An investigation into mechanisms of reflex reinforcement by the Jendrassik manoeuvre

reflex reinforcement

© 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. Negative reinforcement consists of a stimulus that is withdrawn subtracted from the environment immediately after the response, so that the withdrawal serves to strengthen the response. For instance, your mouth waters when you detect the delicious smell of your favorite food. Some of the gain changes in such reflexes have been associated with central pattern generators. The ipsilateral modulation is similar in phase to that seen with active movement. Tendon jerk and H-reflexes are both potentiated by the Jendrassik manoeuvre, but the mechanism of potentiation remains uncertain. While this confirms the previously prevailing view, none of the lingering uncertainties associated with the methods used now remains.

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DTR General Testing Procedures

reflex reinforcement

Evidence for fusimotor activation during the Jendrassik manoeuvre was sought by recording the tendon jerk reflex as surface EMG in triceps surae after the muscles had been conditioned to leave their spindles in a slack, insensitive state. Introduction General testing procedures Specific testing strategies are presented for each examination procedure. The scalding touch is the primary reinforcer that reinforces automatic hand withdrawal. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. They are often more effective than secondary reinforcers. Discharge from the conditioning receptors in extensor muscles of the knee and hip appears to lead to presynaptic inhibition evoked over a spinal path, and to long-lasting attenuation when movement stops. The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

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Reinforcement of reflex

reflex reinforcement

This circumstance provides an approach to funcional study, for the. In animals our present knowledge of the gamma efferent fibers to striated muscle has evolved from techniques where ventral root, dorsal root, or muscle nerve fibers are dissected and recorded separately. So, what is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers? Examples of such reinforcement are food, money, a special privilege, or some other reward that is satisfying to the subject. The main difference between primary and secondary reinforcers is that primary reinforcer is biological stimulus causing involuntary reflex while secondary reinforcer is conditioned stimulus causing learned behavior. These experiments demonstrate, with new, more sensitive methods than previously used, that neither is the fusimotor system involved in reinforcement nor are direct excitatory or presynaptic disinhibitory effects on motoneurones. An investigation into mechanisms of reflex reinforcement by the Jendrassik manoeuvre. While a primary reinforcer is innate, a secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, treats, or money.

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Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers & Reinforcement

reflex reinforcement

When targeting a tendon it is important that the tendon hammer head is at right angles to the tendon, thus making sure that the tendon is hit. For example, some people can tolerate a higher temperature than others. Nevertheless it remains possible that the efferents to muscle spindle stretch receptors are an essential link in the pathway for the Jendrassik phenomenon. A hungry worker who is promised food for finishing the work is more Because primary reinforcements are essential for survival, they are hard to unlearn. .

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Jendrassik maneuver

reflex reinforcement

However, the centripetal effect of movement-induced proprioceptive drive awaits exploration in these pathways. For reinforcement I found it useful to tell the patient to close their eyes and they were thus unprompted about the impending strikes. It serves to strengthen the response, that is, to increase the likelihood of its occurring again. CPN stimulation delivered at 100 ms also induced soleus H-reflex facilitation regardless of the hip angle tested. . There are also centrifugal effects onto these pathways during movement.

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Reflex reinforcement by Dr P Welsby

reflex reinforcement

The contralateral conditioning does not phase modulate with passive movement and modulates to the phase of active ipsilateral movement. The passive movement research shows that the pathways of H reflexes of the leg and foot are down-regulated as a consequence of movement-elicited discharge from somatosensory receptors, likely muscle spindle primary endings, both ipsi- and contralaterally. Positive reinforcement consists of a stimulus that is added to the environment immediately after the desired response has been exhibited. If this failed then also asking the patient to do serial sevens totally removes conscious influences on the reflexes. A remaining possibility is discussed: that the Jendrassik manoeuvre operates by modulation of oligosynaptic pathways that may contribute to the largely monosynaptic reflex response. What is the difference when they are used in parenting? The motor fibers to extrafusal muscle fibers as well as the afferents from muscle spindles and tendon receptors are the largestdiameter myelinated nerve fibers, largely in the alpha range, while the fusimotor fibers are predominantly in the small myelinated gamma group. A possible presynaptic disinhibitory mechanism was investigated by testing the effect of a Jendrassik manoeuvre on facilitation of the soleus H-reflex produced by a quadriceps afferent volley.

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(PDF) Mechanism of monosynaptic reflex reinforcement during Jendrassik manoeuvre in man

reflex reinforcement

The Jendrassik manoeuvre did not increase the level of ongoing EMG in the soleus during a weak voluntary contraction, indicating that it does not operate by direct facilitation of motoneurones. Such techniques are hardly applicable in man. Cite this article Gregory,. The aim of the present study was to establish whether in healthy human subjects the actions of group I muscle afferents arising from the same spinal segments as the soleus innervation e. They do not necessarily represent the views of BMJ and should not be used to replace medical advice. The tendon below the patient's knee is then hit with a This maneuver is particularly useful in that even if the patient is aware of the maneuver's purpose, it still functions properly. Studies are reviewed, predominantly involving healthy humans, on gain changes in spinal reflexes and supraspinal ascending paths during passive and active leg movement.


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Fusimotor Function: Part V. Reflex Reinforcement Under Fusimotor Block in Normal Subjects

reflex reinforcement

The pathways of the cutaneous reflexes of the human leg also are gain-modulated during active movement. In this way one can use many alternating strikes to compare the two sides and to do this it is useful to find the minimal impact on one side and then transfer the same impact to the other side hitting both sides vigorously tends to elicit a full response even if there is a deficit on one side. What are primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers? The Jendrassik maneuver is a medical maneuver wherein the patient clenches the teeth, flexes both sets of fingers into a hook-like form, and interlocks those sets of fingers together. Reinforcement procedures Reinforcement procedures can be used when a clinician is unable to elicit a reflex. Cephalic phase responses, craving and food intake in normal subjects.

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