Equivocation, or the use of ambiguous or unclear language to mislead or deceive, is a common tactic employed in William Shakespeare's play "Macbeth." The character of Macbeth, in particular, makes frequent use of equivocation as he navigates the treacherous political landscape of Scotland and grapples with his own guilt and ambition.
One example of equivocation in "Macbeth" occurs early in the play, when Macbeth and Banquo encounter the witches who prophesize that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor and eventually king. Macbeth is immediately tempted by the prospect of power, and begins to consider the possibility of killing Duncan, the current king, in order to seize the throne. However, Macbeth is unsure whether he has the courage to follow through with the deed, and so he equivocates when Banquo asks him about his thoughts on the matter. Macbeth says, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me / Without my stir" (Act 1, Scene 3). This statement is ambiguous, as it suggests that Macbeth is both eager and hesitant to become king, depending on whether or not it is his own choice. Macbeth is using equivocation to obscure his true intentions and deflect suspicion.
Another example of equivocation in "Macbeth" occurs when Macbeth is trying to persuade Lady Macbeth to join him in the murder of Duncan. Lady Macbeth is hesitant, and Macbeth must work to convince her that killing Duncan is the right thing to do. Macbeth equivocates by presenting the murder as both a necessary evil and a noble deed. He says, "We will proceed no further in this business. He hath honored me of late, and I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people, Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, Not cast aside so soon" (Act 1, Scene 7). This statement is ambiguous, as it suggests that Macbeth is both reluctant to commit murder and eager to advance his own interests. Macbeth is using equivocation to obscure his true motivations and manipulate Lady Macbeth into supporting him.
Equivocation is also used by the character of Macbeth to deceive others and cover up his crimes. After killing Duncan, Macbeth uses equivocation to mislead Duncan's sons, Donalbain and Malcolm, into believing that they are in danger and should flee the country. Macbeth says, "There's daggers in men's smiles. The near in blood, The nearer bloody" (Act 2, Scene 3). This statement is ambiguous, as it suggests that Macbeth is both warning the brothers of danger and threatening them with violence. Macbeth is using equivocation to obscure his own guilt and deflect suspicion onto the brothers.
In conclusion, the character of Macbeth in "Macbeth" frequently employs equivocation as a means of manipulating others, covering up his crimes, and advancing his own interests. Through his use of ambiguous language, Macbeth is able to mislead and deceive those around him, ultimately leading to his downfall.
