John dunning fdi. Foreign direct investment and governments : catalysts for economic restructuring 2022-10-31
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John Dunning is a renowned economist and academic who has made significant contributions to the field of international business and foreign direct investment (FDI). He is best known for his work on the "eclectic paradigm," which explains how firms make decisions about international expansion and how host countries attract FDI.
Dunning was born in London in 1924 and received his undergraduate degree from Oxford University. After serving in World War II, he completed his PhD in Economics at the London School of Economics. He began his academic career at the University of Manchester and later moved on to the University of Reading, where he spent the majority of his career.
One of Dunning's most significant contributions to the field of international business was his development of the "eclectic paradigm." This theory proposed that firms make decisions about international expansion based on three factors: ownership-specific advantages, location-specific advantages, and internalization advantages. Ownership-specific advantages refer to the unique resources and capabilities that a firm possesses that give it a competitive advantage in the global market. Location-specific advantages refer to the specific attributes of a host country that make it attractive for FDI, such as a skilled labor force or favorable tax policies. Internalization advantages refer to the benefits that a firm can realize by directly managing its operations in a foreign country rather than licensing or outsourcing its activities.
Dunning's eclectic paradigm has become a widely accepted and influential framework for understanding the motivations behind FDI and has been applied to a variety of industries and countries. It has also led to further research on how host countries can attract FDI through policies and institutions that support the three factors identified in the paradigm.
In addition to his work on the eclectic paradigm, Dunning also made significant contributions to the fields of international trade and development economics. He was a pioneer in the study of multinational enterprises and their role in economic development, and his research on the link between FDI and economic growth has had a lasting impact on economic policy around the world.
Throughout his career, John Dunning received numerous accolades and awards for his contributions to the field of international business. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1979 and received the Order of the British Empire in 2000 for his contributions to economics and international business. He passed away in 2009 at the age of 84, but his work continues to be highly influential and widely cited in the field of international business and economics.
Eclectic Paradigm
After the 1960s, the concept of FDI changed as a result of criticism and further suggestions on the international capital flow theory. For this reason, I see it as the key theoretical model in the process of turning IBS from a mix of macro-level theoretical approaches to national differences and case-based analysis of industry effects into theoretically grounded studies of business organizations functioning in extra-national markets. Hence, it has been identified that the OLI framework generally evaluates the competitive advantages of the organisations in foreign direct investment activities in the international business. .  Journal of World Business, 51 1 , pp. Other location advantages can include low-cost labor and raw materials, lower taxes and other tariffs, a well-trained labor force, etc. While Dunning himself makes the point that the Eclectic Model is aimed at the study of multinational firms 1988 , not at evaluating individual firm decisions, it does provide a framework for both descriptive and normative studies of individual firms.
JOHN DUNNING’S ECLECTIC MODEL AND THE BEGINNINGS OF GLOBAL STRATEGY
Till the 1960s, foreign direct investment activities by the MNEs were regarded as international capital flow activities. Both types of theories are being evaluated below. Hence, it can be stated that the consideration of this particular theory helps the organisations to withdraw the low performing products in the decline stage of the life cycle and re-introduce the products to maintain the business and growth efficiency in the international market. The number of people in the world living in extreme poverty While extreme poverty has diminished, however, the gap between the richest and poorest countries has increased dramatically. It states that multinational enterprises generally enter into foreign markets to ensure oligopolistic or monopolistic advantages.
Different products go through different life-cycle stages. However, the emergence of Transaction-Cost theory suggested that the organisations can extend their network in the perfectly competitive market by reducing the degree of competition through different transaction activities. According to Palley 2015 , the multinational organisations choose preferred business locations to do business, gain competitive advantages, and maximise profits. Location theory can be applied to the organisations if they extend their business networks beyond the national boundaries. The radical view writers argue that the multinational enterprise MNE is an instrument of imperialist domination. It seems to just describe the process of the issues and has little evidence to support its conclusions.
 An introduction to macroeconomics: a heterodox approach to economic analysis. Multinational enterprises or MNEs are also known as international establishments or global corporations or transnational enterprises. Between these two extremes is an approach called pragmatic nationalism. DUNNING and RAJNEESH NARULA, London: Routledge, 1996. It is quite real in this present era as the majority of the oil and gas organisations expand their network in different international markets to gain monopolistic as well as oligopolistic market advantages. Now, FDI theory explains the transfer of skills, labours, technological resources, organisational skills, and different management skills after the 1970s.
Dunning's Eclectic Paradigm of International Business
It not only links the micro and macro elements together but also involves the explanation of international trade and international production within the same theory. The free market view is at the other extreme and based on noninterventionist principle of free market economics. This theoretical approach is also known as oligopolistic or monopolistic power theory, or market power theory, or industrial organisation theory, or structural market imperfection theory. Finally, internalization advantages, signal when it is better for an organization to produce a particular product in-house, versus contracting with a third-party. This theory suggests that the changes in the economic growth rate of a nation generally lead to a change in exchange rates. If the business decides to.
Dunning, J.H. (1979) Explaining Changing Patterns of International Production In Defence of the Eclectic Theory. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41, 269
The Centre was renamed in 2008, in honour of the late professor Dunning, and stands as one of the world's premier research centres in the field. The organisations can prefer more engagement in the foreign direct investment activities if the organisations feel that the globalisation of the cross-border intermediate market is beneficial for them. Â International business strategy: theory and practice. Catch-Up and Leapfrogging: Emerging Economy Multinational Enterprises on the Global Stage. Should the advantages exist, the companies can consider taking on the investment through an FDI or other pathways e. The major objective of this assignment is to explain and analyse the theories, which are developed for the explanation and evaluation of the macroeconomic as well as microeconomic approaches adopted by different enterprises in global market places depending upon the economic orientation or structure of different countries.
The framework follows three tiers — ownership, location, and internalization. Internalization Advantage In order for companies to choose which investment pathway or method is best suited for their needs, their management team must analyze the internalization advantage. Ideally, an attractive investment should include notable Location Advantage The potential business host countries being considered for FDIs must present numerous competitive advantages; location is one of them. The internalisation theory of the multinational enterprise: A review of the progress of a research agenda after 30 years. The organisations practically create an internal market in the international markets due to market imperfections in distinguished knowledge and transitional products.
Exports of Honduran insulated wire multiplied from 0. Multinational enterprises are such enterprises, which control income or revenue generation assets in one or more than one country. Different multinational firms consider different kinds of investment approaches along with differentiated business operation approaches in the international markets. They arise from possible adverse effects on competition within the host nation, adverse effects on the balance of payments, and the perceived loss of national sovereignty and autonomy. International business is regarded as a critical catalyst in the globalisation process through which growth, economic development and technological innovation are diffused across countries. The product cycle theory explains the characteristics of the products of multinational enterprises in different stages of products typically. Last of all, the quality, demand, supply, quantity, pricing, features, and performances of the maturing products decide whether the products can become standardised products or not.
Foreign direct investment and governments : catalysts for economic restructuring
He recruited scholars to the University who included The second institution fostered by Dunning is the Since August 2008 the triple-accredited Henley Business School at the University of Reading has been home to the John H. Companies and their management teams normally need to consider the possibilities of transference of the competitive advantage to other foreign markets in order to counterbalance the liabilities mentioned above. Updated December 7, 2022 What is the Eclectic Paradigm? To form a unified theory of Foreign Direct Investment- According to John Dunning, FDI will occur when these conditions are satisfied: There is an Ownership advantage- the foreign firm must own some unique competitive advantage that overcomes the disadvantages of competing with the local firms on their home turfs. There is a Location advantage: Undertaking the business activity must be more profitable in a foreign location than undertaking it in a domestic location. Successful feedback results generally indicate that the products are maturing gradually in the international markets.
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