The five forces model is a tool developed by economist and Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter to analyze the competitive forces within an industry. When applied to the airline industry, the five forces model can help to understand the competitive dynamics and the attractiveness of the industry.
The first force is the threat of new entrants. The airline industry has high barriers to entry due to the significant capital requirements for purchasing aircraft and obtaining necessary operating licenses. In addition, the industry is heavily regulated, which can also pose a barrier to entry. However, the rise of low-cost carriers has made it easier for new entrants to enter the market and compete with established players.
The second force is the threat of substitutes. In the airline industry, substitutes include other forms of transportation such as trains, buses, and automobiles. While these substitutes may not offer the same level of convenience or speed as air travel, they can be a viable alternative for shorter distances or for those who are price-sensitive.
The third force is the bargaining power of buyers. The airline industry has a high degree of buyer power due to the large number of options available to travelers. With the rise of online travel agencies and comparison sites, it is easy for consumers to compare prices and routes, which puts pressure on airlines to offer competitive pricing and a good customer experience.
The fourth force is the bargaining power of suppliers. In the airline industry, suppliers include aircraft manufacturers, fuel providers, and airport operators. The bargaining power of these suppliers can vary depending on the specific market conditions and the number of alternatives available. For example, if there are few aircraft manufacturers or fuel providers, they may have more bargaining power.
The fifth force is the intensity of competitive rivalry. The airline industry is highly competitive, with both legacy carriers and low-cost carriers vying for market share. In addition, the industry is subject to external factors such as economic downturns, fuel price fluctuations, and natural disasters, which can further increase the intensity of competitive rivalry.
In conclusion, the five forces model can be a useful tool for analyzing the competitive dynamics of the airline industry. The threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, and intensity of competitive rivalry all contribute to the overall attractiveness of the industry. By understanding these forces, airlines can develop strategies to compete effectively in the market.