W.H. Auden's "In Memory of W.B. Yeats" is a poignant and elegiac poem that pays tribute to the great Irish poet and playwright who had recently passed away. In this essay, I will explore the themes and literary devices that Auden uses in the poem, as well as its historical and cultural context.
One of the central themes of "In Memory of W.B. Yeats" is the idea of loss and grief. Auden wrote the poem shortly after Yeats' death in 1939, and the poem is a mourning for a man who had been a towering figure in the world of literature and a major influence on Auden's own work. The opening lines of the poem, "He disappeared in the dead of winter: / The brooks were frozen, the airports almost deserted," set the tone for the rest of the poem, as Auden uses imagery of cold and emptiness to convey the sense of loss that he feels.
Another theme that emerges in the poem is the idea of time and its passage. The poem begins with a reference to Yeats' death in the "dead of winter," and the passage of time is further evoked through the use of seasons and the passing of the years. In the second stanza, Auden writes, "The seasons alter: hoary-headed frosts / Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose," which suggests that time moves on, even as the memory of Yeats remains.
In addition to these themes, Auden employs a number of literary devices in "In Memory of W.B. Yeats." One of the most striking features of the poem is its use of rhyme and meter. The poem is written in iambic pentameter, with an ABAB rhyme scheme, which gives it a formal and elegant feel. This structure is fitting for a poem that is, in part, a tribute to the beauty and craftsmanship of Yeats' own poetry.
Another notable feature of the poem is its use of allusion and intertextuality. Auden makes reference to a number of literary and cultural figures in the poem, including Shakespeare, Dante, and the Greek god Apollo. These allusions serve to situate Yeats within a larger literary and cultural tradition, and to underscore his importance as a writer and thinker.
"In Memory of W.B. Yeats" is also notable for its historical and cultural context. The poem was written in the midst of World War II, and Auden's grief for Yeats is interwoven with his concern for the state of the world. In the final stanza of the poem, Auden writes, "For poetry makes nothing happen: it survives / In the valley of its making where executives / Would never want to tamper, flows on south / From ranches of isolation and the busy griefs, / Raw towns that we believe and die." These lines suggest that poetry, and the values it represents, are under threat in a world that is riven by conflict and violence.
Overall, W.H. Auden's "In Memory of W.B. Yeats" is a powerful and moving poem that pays tribute to the life and work of a great poet. Through its themes of loss, time, and cultural tradition, and its use of rhyme, meter, and allusion, the poem captures the sense of grief and nostalgia that Auden felt at the loss of Yeats, while also speaking to the larger concerns of its historical moment.