Motivation and emotion journal. Cognition and Emotion 2022-10-16
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Infant observation is a valuable tool for understanding the development and behavior of young children. By closely observing infants, researchers and caregivers can learn about their physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development, as well as their unique personalities and temperaments.
To conduct an infant observation, a researcher or caregiver typically spends a set amount of time observing the infant in their natural environment, such as their home or a childcare center. The observer may take notes on the infant's behavior, interactions with others, and overall development. They may also use specific tools or techniques, such as coding systems or developmental assessments, to gather more detailed information.
There are several benefits to conducting infant observations. First and foremost, they provide a rich source of information about infant development and behavior. This can be particularly useful for identifying any developmental delays or concerns, as well as for identifying areas of strength and potential. In addition, infant observations can help caregivers better understand and respond to the needs of individual infants, allowing them to provide more personalized and effective care.
There are also several ethical considerations to keep in mind when conducting infant observations. It is important to obtain the informed consent of the infant's parents or guardians before beginning an observation, and to ensure that the observation does not interfere with the infant's well-being or cause any distress. In addition, the observer should take care to protect the confidentiality of the infant and their family, and to use the information gathered only for research or educational purposes.
Overall, infant observation is a powerful tool for understanding the complex and fascinating process of child development. By carefully observing and documenting the behavior of young children, researchers and caregivers can gain valuable insights into their development and better meet their needs.
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The various hunger and satiety signals that are involved in the regulation of eating are integrated in the brain. These depressive-like behaviors were associated with increased activation of the amygdala. Manuscripts that rely exclusively on self-report data are appropriate, but published articles tend to be those that rely on objective measures e. As you recall from your study of learning, these theories assert that there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain Figure 10. The journal generally does not publish scale development and validation articles.
Behaviors that had once been considered exceedingly rare or problematic were demonstrated to be much more common and innocuous than previously imagined Bancroft, 2004; Bullough, 1998. In other words, if something insignificant occurs and you smile as if you just won the lottery, you will actually be happier about the little thing than you would be if you only had a tiny smile. Henry Murray et al. Together, these are the components of emotion, and our experiences, backgrounds, and cultures inform our emotions. Surprisingly, medial preoptic lesions do not change how hard a male rat is willing to work to gain access to a sexually receptive female Figure 10. We also use the tone of our voices, various behaviors, and body language to communicate information about our emotional states. A polygraph, or lie detector test, measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions.
For many years, people believed that these differences arose because of different socialization and familial experiences. Theories of Emotion Our emotional states are combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences. People suffering from bulimia nervosa engage in binge eating behavior that is followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed. Havas, Glenberg, Gutowski, Lucarelli, and Davidson 2010 used Botox injections to paralyze facial muscles and limit facial expressions, including frowning, and they found that depressed people reported less depression after their frowning muscles were paralyzed. The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion is another variation on theories of emotions that takes into account both physiological arousal and the emotional experience. These include, but are not limited to, an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, liver disease, sleep apnea, colon cancer, breast cancer, infertility, and arthritis. So, when you see the venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response.
Theories About Motivation William James 1842—1910 was an important contributor to early research into motivation, and he is often referred to as the father of psychology in the United States. While in the United States heterosexuality has historically been viewed as the norm, there are societies that have different attitudes regarding gay behavior. For example, there are no changes in metabolic rate between individuals who had recently lost significant amounts of weight and a control group Weinsier et al. If your level is very low, such as boredom and apathy, your performance will likely suffer. The worldwide popularity of drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction Conrad, 2005 speaks to the fact that sexual motivation and the ability to engage in sexual behavior can also be dissociated in humans. If you were to encounter some threat in your environment, like a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system would initiate significant physiological arousal, which would make your heart race and increase your respiration rate.
Intersex conditions can present at any time during life Creighton, 2001. Even if you do not enjoy speaking in public, you probably could manage to do it. LINK TO LEARNING: Watch this Two other prominent views arise from the work of Robert Zajonc and Joseph LeDoux. Hippocampus As mentioned earlier, the hippocampus is also involved in emotional processing. What understanding do scientists have of why obesity occurs, and what treatments exist for obesity and eating disorders? Generally, prevalence rates are considerably lower for men Smink et al. In order for children to be assigned this diagnostic category, they must verbalize their desire to become the other gender.
Generally, overweight and obese individuals are encouraged to try to reduce their weight through a combination of both diet and exercise. At the base of the pyramid are all of the physiological needs that are necessary for survival. This dysphoria must persist for at least six months and result in significant distress or dysfunction to meet DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. These needs are often depicted as a pyramid Figure 10. Alfred Kinsey of Indiana University initiated large-scale survey research on the topic Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female—which were published in 1948 and 1953, respectively Bullough, 1998. The books, which were filled with statistics and scientific lingo, sold remarkably well to the general public, and people began to engage in open conversations about human sexuality.
There has historically been a two-gendered culture in the United States. Furthermore, different arousal patterns would be associated with different feelings. In this study, rat pups received either abusive or normal treatment during postnatal days 8—12. Resolution is the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation. In reality, the other person was a confederate of the researcher.
They performed a clever experiment to test their idea. Therefore, different people may have different emotional experiences even when faced with similar circumstances. A variety of discussion and assessment questions are included with the video free registration is required to access the questions. People may starve themselves or otherwise, put themselves in danger displaying higher-level motives beyond their own needs. Gandhi, a world-renowned advocate for independence through nonviolent protest, on several occasions, went on hunger strikes to protest a particular situation. Impact Factor Impact factor IF is a scientometric factor based on the yearly average number of citations on articles published by a particular journal in the last two years. In the following section, we will look more closely at the neuroscience of emotional response.
