In economics, a kinked demand curve is a graphical representation of how a firm's price and quantity demanded may change in response to a price change by a rival firm in an oligopoly market structure. An oligopoly is a market structure in which there are a few firms that dominate the industry and are able to influence prices.
The kinked demand curve model was developed to explain the behavior of firms in oligopoly markets. According to this model, firms in an oligopoly market face a dilemma when deciding whether to raise or lower their prices. If one firm raises its price, it may lose market share to its rivals. On the other hand, if it lowers its price, its rivals may also lower their prices, leading to a price war that would ultimately drive down profits for all firms in the industry.
The kinked demand curve represents this dilemma by showing two different slopes for the demand curve. The first slope represents the downward sloping portion of the demand curve, which shows the negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. The second slope represents the flatter portion of the demand curve, which shows the less sensitive relationship between price and quantity demanded.
The kink in the demand curve occurs at the current market price, and it represents the point at which the firm must decide whether to raise or lower its price. If the firm raises its price above the current market price, it will lose market share to its rivals, as shown by the steep downward slope of the demand curve. If the firm lowers its price below the current market price, its rivals may also lower their prices, leading to a price war and a decrease in profits for all firms in the industry, as shown by the flatter portion of the demand curve.
The kinked demand curve model helps to explain why firms in oligopoly markets may be hesitant to change their prices and why they may choose to maintain a certain level of price rigidity. It also helps to explain why oligopoly markets may be characterized by price stability and non-price competition, such as advertising and product differentiation.
Overall, the kinked demand curve is a useful tool for understanding the behavior of firms in oligopoly markets and the impact of price changes on their profits and market share.