Formal political theory is a branch of political science that uses formal methods, such as mathematics and logic, to analyze and understand political phenomena. It is distinct from other approaches to political theory, such as normative or empirical political theory, which focus on evaluating the moral or practical implications of political systems and actions.
One of the main goals of formal political theory is to identify and explain the underlying structures and mechanisms that shape political behavior and outcomes. Formal models are often used to represent and analyze these structures and mechanisms, with the aim of predicting how political actors will behave and how political systems will function under different conditions.
One of the key tools used in formal political theory is game theory, which is a branch of mathematics that studies strategic decision-making. Game theory can be used to analyze a wide range of political situations, including voting, negotiation, and conflict resolution. It allows researchers to understand how different actors will behave in response to the actions of others, and how their actions will shape the outcomes of political processes.
Another important area of formal political theory is social choice theory, which studies how collective decisions are made in groups. This includes understanding how individual preferences are aggregated to determine the group's preferences, and how different voting systems and decision-making rules can influence the outcomes of elections and other collective decision-making processes.
Formal political theory also includes the study of institutional design, which examines how the structure and rules of political institutions shape the behavior of political actors and the outcomes of political processes. This includes the study of issues such as constitutional design, legislative organization, and executive-legislative relations.
Overall, formal political theory provides a useful toolkit for understanding and analyzing political phenomena in a systematic and rigorous way. It allows researchers to identify the underlying structures and mechanisms that shape political behavior and outcomes, and to predict how political systems will function under different conditions. While it is just one approach to studying politics, it provides valuable insights into the functioning of political systems and the behavior of political actors.