The ancient Maya civilization, which flourished in Mesoamerica (modern-day Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador) from about 2000 BCE to 1500 CE, had a complex and nuanced understanding of death and the afterlife. In Maya culture, death was seen as a natural part of life and an inevitable transition to the next world. The Maya believed that the soul or spirit of the deceased could continue to exist in the afterlife and potentially even be reincarnated.
According to Maya mythology, the soul of the deceased would travel to the underworld, known as Xibalba, which was ruled over by a council of deities known as the Lords of Xibalba. The journey to Xibalba was believed to be difficult and treacherous, and the soul of the deceased would have to navigate through various tests and challenges before reaching the underworld.
Upon arriving in Xibalba, the soul of the deceased would be judged by the Lords of Xibalba. If the soul was deemed worthy, it would be allowed to enter the afterlife and potentially be reincarnated. If the soul was deemed unworthy, it would be punished or destroyed.
The Maya also believed in the concept of a "true death," which was a complete end to the existence of the soul. This was believed to be the result of a particularly severe punishment in the underworld or a failure to navigate the journey to Xibalba.
The Maya placed great importance on proper burial rituals and ceremonies in order to ensure a successful journey to the afterlife. These rituals often involved the preparation of the body, the placement of grave goods, and the performance of funerary rites. The Maya also believed that the soul could be aided in its journey to the afterlife through the use of certain objects, such as jade figurines or burial masks.
In summary, the Maya had a complex and nuanced understanding of death and the afterlife. They believed that the soul of the deceased could continue to exist in the afterlife and potentially even be reincarnated, but that this journey was difficult and fraught with challenges. Proper burial rituals and ceremonies were believed to aid the soul in its journey, and the use of certain objects could also be helpful.